A break from ships! This post will be going over capsule fittings, i.e. implants
You should almost always have implants. Even in nullsec or wh space, put things in your head. https://www.fuzzwork.co.uk/implants/ is a good website for looking up implant set prices.
A good trick for finding implants for a certain slot is to open up eft, and type "-X0Y" Replace X with the slot you are looking for, and Y with the strength of the implant, e.g. -705 would come up with all 5% implants for slot 7. Note that this does not come up with named implants, such as Zor's Hyper Link or Shaquil's Speed Enhancer.
For slots 1-5, you have 3 choices - Learning implants, genolution implants, or pirate implants. Learning implants get you more skillpoints. You only need the implants corresponding to the skill you are training. Genolution and pirate implants function as learning implants with extra abilities. For implant sets, each implant in the set increases the effect of each other implant in the set.
Genolutions are awesome implants, and come in 2 sets. CA-1 and CA-2 are cheap, 3 and 4 are very expensive. You do not need 3 and 4. 1 and 2 give you extra fitting room and extra capacitor. Adding in 3 and 4 gets you extra shield, armor, speed and agility. Like pirate implants, each genolution implant boosts the power of the others.
Pirate implants come in lots of different sets, with prices ranging from under 100M, to several billion. Pirate implants use slot 6 in addition to slots 1-5. Pirate sets come in 3 levels - High Grade, Mid Grade and Low Grade. You can mix between different levels. For a ghetto HG set, you can combine HG 1-5 with a MG omega. This gives a bonus between HG and MG.
Crystal/Slave/Snake: These are the big name, expensive implants. Crystals increase the amount of shield you get from shield boosters. Slaves increase armor hp. Snakes increase your speed. There is not a lot of subtlety in using them, apart from the fact that the speed boost from snakes is in effect a tank bonus, via mitigation and range control. Slaves can make it a bit easier to manage an active armor tank, by increasing your buffer.
Jackal, Spur, Grail, Talon: There are 4 kinds of implants, corresponding to the 4 races. The LG implants give a flat bonus to sensor strength, the HG give a % bonus. Unlike all other sets, partial LG and partial HG sets do not stack with each other. The LG sets are particularly cheap, and great to use on frigates. Since the LG set is additive, not multiplicative, you do not lose a whole lot by having no omega implant.